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''Crime and Punishment'' () is a novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoyevsky. It was first published in the literary journal ''The Russian Messenger'' in twelve monthly installments during 1866.〔(University of Minnesota – Study notes for Crime and Punishment ) – (retrieved on 1 May 2006)〕 It was later published in a single volume. It is the second of Dostoyevsky's full-length novels following his return from 10 years of exile in Siberia. ''Crime and Punishment'' is considered the first great novel of his "mature" period of writing.〔Frank (1995), 96〕 ''Crime and Punishment'' focuses on the mental anguish and moral dilemmas of Rodion Raskolnikov, an impoverished ex-student in St. Petersburg who formulates and executes a plan to kill an unscrupulous pawnbroker for her cash. Raskolnikov, in attempts to defend his actions, argues that with the pawnbroker's money he can perform good deeds to counterbalance the crime, while ridding the world of a vermin. He also commits the murder to test a theory of his that dictates some people are naturally capable of such actions, and even ''have the right'' to perform them. Several times throughout the novel, Raskolnikov compares himself with Napoleon Bonaparte and shares his belief that murder is permissible in pursuit of a higher purpose. ==Creation== Dostoyevsky conceived the idea of ''Crime and Punishment'' in the summer of 1865, having gambled away much of his fortune, leaving him unable to pay his bills or afford proper meals. At the time the author owed large sums of money to creditors, and was trying to help the family of his brother Mikhail, who had died in early 1864. Projected under the title ''The Drunkards'', it was to deal "with the present question of drunkness ... () all its ramifications, especially the picture of a family and the bringing up of children in these circumstances, etc., etc." Once Dostoyevsky conceived Raskolnikov and his crime, now inspired by the case of Pierre François Lacenaire, this theme became ancillary, centering on the story of the Marmeladov family.〔Yousef, (About Crime and Punishment ) * Fanger (2006), 17–18〕 Dostoyevsky offered his story or novella (at the time Dostoyevsky was not thinking of a novel〔Frank, 170 * Peace (2005), 8 * Simmons (2007), 131〕) to the publisher Mikhail Katkov, whose monthly journal, ''The Russian Messenger'', was a prestigious publication of its kind, and the outlet for both Ivan Turgenev and Leo Tolstoy. However, Dostoyevsky, having carried on quite bruising polemics with Katkov in early 1860s, had never published anything in its pages. Nonetheless, forced by his situation, after all other appeals elsewhere failed, Dostoyevsky turned as a last resort to Katkov, urging for an advance on a proposed contribution.〔Frank (1994), 168〕 In a letter to Katkov written in September 1865, Dostoyevsky explained to him that the work was to be about a young man who yields to "certain strange, 'unfinished' ideas, yet floating in the air";〔Miller (2007), 58 * Peace (2008), 8〕 he had thus embarked on his plan to explore the moral and psychological dangers of the ideology of "radicalism".〔Frank (1994), 179〕 In letters written in November 1865 an important conceptual change occurred: the "story" has become a "novel", and from here on all references to ''Crime and Punishment'' are to a novel.〔Miller (2007), 58–59〕 Dostoyevsky had to race against time, in order to finish on time both ''The Gambler'' and ''Crime and Punishment''. Anna Snitkina, a stenographer who would soon become his second wife, was a great help for Dostoyevsky during this difficult task.〔Frank (1995), 39 * Peace (2005), 8〕 The first part of ''Crime and Punishment'' appeared in the January 1866 issue of ''The Russian Messenger'', and the last one was published in December 1866.〔Simmons (2007), 131〕 In the complete edition of Dostoyevsky's writings published in the Soviet Union, the editors reassembled and printed the notebooks that the writer kept while working on ''Crime and Punishment'', in a sequence roughly corresponding to the various stages of composition. Because of these labors, there is now a fragmentary working draft of the story, or novella, as initially conceived, as well as two other versions of the text. These have been distinguished as the Wiesbaden edition, the Petersburg edition, and the final plan, involving the shift from a first-person narrator to the indigenous variety of third-person form invented by Dostoyevsky.〔Dostoyevsky initially considered four first-person plans: a memoir written by Raskolnikov, his confession recorded eight days after the murder, his diary begun five days after the murder, and a mixed form in which the first half was in the form of a memoir, and the second half in the form of a diary (Rosenshield (), 399).〕 The Wiesbaden edition concentrates entirely on the moral and psychological reactions of the narrator after the murder. It coincides roughly with the story that Dostoyevsky described in his letter to Katkov, and written in a form of a diary or journal, corresponds to what eventually became part II.〔Carabine (2000), x * Frank (1994), 170–172 * Frank (1995), 80〕 Why Dostoyevsky abandoned his initial version remains a matter of speculation. According to Joseph Frank, "one possibility is that his protagonist began to develop beyond the boundaries in which he had first been conceived".〔Frank (1994), 174〕 The notebooks indicate that Dostoyevsky was aware of the emergence of new aspects of Raskolnikov's character as the plot action proceeded, and he structured the novel in conformity with this "metamorphosis," Frank says.〔Frank (1994), 177〕 Dostoyevsky thus decided to fuse the story with his previous idea for a novel called ''The Drunkards''.〔Frank (1994), 175〕 The final version of ''Crime and Punishment'' came into being only when, in November 1865, Dostoyevsky decided to recast his novel in the third person. This shift was the culmination of a long struggle, present through all the early stages of composition.〔Frank (1994), 179–180, 182〕 Once having decided, Dostoyevsky began to rewrite from scratch, and was able to easily integrate sections of the early manuscript into the final text—Frank says that he did not, as he told Wrangel, burn everything he had written earlier.〔Frank (1994), 170, 179–180, 184 * Frank(1995), 93 * Miller (2007), 58–59〕 The final draft went smoothly, except for a clash with the editors of ''The Russian Messenger'', about which very little is known. Since the manuscript Dostoyevsky turned in to Katkov was lost, it is unclear to what the editors had objected in the original. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「crime and punishment」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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